REPORT NO.	MODEL	COVERING LAW	PHENOMENON EXPLAINED
1	1600 atoms 128 polymer chains	Physical theory	Energy dissipation
2	55-256 atoms	Physical theory	Structure and stability of liquids
6	Phosphorus coupling with C, O2, and Fe	Heuristic rate equations	Stabilization of atmospheric oxygen during the phanerozoic
7	Any non-specific immune process	Heuristic rate equations	Clearance of HIV from the blood
9	Structure of selected proteases; CES	Heuristic parsimony algorithm	Serine protease diversity
REPORT NO.	MODEL	CAUSE	EFFECT
8	KD cells	Decreased cyclin-E/CDK2 activity	Loss of anchorage
		Increased CDK inhibitors decreased phosphorylation of Thr160	Decreased cyclin-E/CDK2 activity
11	A31.C1 cells	Osteopontin	Activation of CD44 receptor
12	10 human subjects	Vigilance	Increased brain blood flow
13	CES	Mutant enzyme and Cu2+ chelation	Altered catalysis
	CES	Cu2+ chelation	Altered cell growth
14	CES	High density lipoprotein	Activation of SR-B1 receptor
15	CES	Products of ALG-2, ALG-3	Apoptosis
16	5 barn owls	Ligation of NMDA receptor	Auditory learning

TABLE 1. The two kinds of scientific reasoning employed in Science Issue 5248 were explanations based on the application of a covering law (Reports 1, 2, 6, 7, 9), and proof of cause-effect relationships (Reports 8, 11-16). Because Report No. 9 contained both kinds of reasoning, its classification in this Table is arbitrary. Note that, whether or not consciously, the editor of Science grouped the Reports on the basis of the kind of reasoning employed, as evidenced by their order of appearance in the Journal (Report No.). CES, cell expression system. Reports No. 3-5 and 10 involved invention or discovery, but did not utilize formal reasoning processes. They were therefore not considered further. The lines in the last column provide a brief summary of the individual reports. The reports are numbered in the order of their appearance in the Journal.

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